Association between new-onset right bundle branch block and primary or secondary ventricular fibrillation in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

AIMS: New-onset right bundle branch block (RBBB) in myocardial infarction (MI) is often associated with ventricular fibrillation (VF) but the nature of this relationship has not been determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2014, among other data, incidence and duration of RBBB and VF occurrence were prospectively collected in 5301 patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) admitted to two University Hospitals in Murcia (Spain). Multinomial adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between RBBB, attending to its duration, and VF according to its primary VF (PVF) or secondary VF (SVF) character. Among 284 (5.4%) patients with new-onset RBBB, 158 were transient and 126 permanent. VF occurred in 339 (6.4%) patients, 201 PVF and 138 SVF, documented within the first 2 h of symptoms-onset in 78% and 60%, respectively. New-onset RBBB was more frequent in PVF (11.4%) and SVF (20.3%), than in non-VF (4.7%). Transient RBBB incidence was higher in PVF (9.0%) and SVF (9.4) than in non-VF (2.6%), whereas permanent RBBB was higher in SVF (10.9%) than PVF (2.5%) and non-VF (2.1%). New-onset RBBB 1.83 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-3.11] and new-onset transient RBBB 2.39 (95% CI: 1.32-4.32) were independently associated with PVF. New-onset 3.03 (95% CI: 1.83-5.02), transient 2.40 (95% CI: 1.27-4.55), and permanent 2.99 (95% CI: 1.52-5.86) RBBB were independently associated with SVF. CONCLUSION: New-onset RBBB and VF in STEMI are independently associated and show particularities based on the duration of the conduction disturbance and/or the primary or secondary character of the arrhythmia.

Effect of part-time cardiac catheterization facilities in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Although the easy availability of invasive cardiac care facilities is associated with an increase in their use, their influence on outcomes is not clear. We sought to investigate whether a newly available cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on a part-time (PT) basis might improve outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: This was an observational cohort study that included all consecutive patients with AMI admitted to a secondary-level hospital in Spain before and after the PT-CCL opened in January 2006: during 1998-2005 and 2006-2014, respectively. All-cause in-hospital and long-term mortality were the co-primary endpoints. In-hospital complications and length of stay were secondary endpoints. For the analyses, patients were stratified according to propensity-score (PS) quintiles. RESULTS: A total of 5339 patients were recruited, and 50.3% were managed after the opening of the PT-CCL. The PT-CCL was associated with greater use of PCI (81.2 vs. 32.5%, p<0.001) and guidelines-recommended medication (all p<0.001), lower risk of recurrent angina (PS-adjusted RR=0.160, 95% CI 0.115-0.222) and shorter length of hospital stay (PS-adjusted RR for length of stay <8days=0.357, 95% CI 0.301-0.422). In patients with NSTEMI, PT-CCL was associated with improved long-term survival (PS-adjusted HR=0.764, 95% CI 0.602-0.970). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AMI, a new PT-CCL was associated with greater use of PCI and guideline-recommended medication, lower risk of recurrent angina and shorter length of hospital stay. In a subset of patients with NSTEMI, PT-CCL was associated with improved long-term survival.

¿El nivel de estudios predice la mortalidad tras un infarto de miocardio de manera independiente de la función ventricular izquierda y del tratamiento médico? Respuesta / Does education level predict mortality after myocardial infarction independently of left ventricular function and medical treatment? Response

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Nivel de estudios y mortalidad a largo plazo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio / Educational level and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Introducción y objetivos. Existe controversia acerca del valor del nivel socieconómico como marcador pronóstico en el infarto agudo de miocardio. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del nivel de estudios, como marcador del estatus socioeconómico, sobre el pronóstico vital a largo plazo tras un infarto agudo de miocardio. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo y observacional de 5.797 pacientes hospitalizados por un infarto agudo de miocardio. Se estudió la mortalidad por todas las causas a largo plazo (mediana 8,5 años) mediante modelos de regresión ajustados. Resultados. Un 73,1% de los pacientes había cursado estudios primarios (n = 4.240), los segundos más frecuentes fueron los estudios medios (secundaria, bachiller) (n = 843; 14,5%). Un 7,0% (n = 407) era analfabeto y el 5,3% tenía estudios superiores (n = 307). Los pacientes con un nivel de estudios medio o superior fueron significativamente más jóvenes, en mayor proporción varones y presentaban menos factores de riesgo y comorbilidad. Eran pacientes que acudían antes al hospital y se presentaban con menor grado de insuficiencia cardiaca. Durante el ingreso recibieron con más frecuencia terapia de reperfusión y su mortalidad cruda fue inferior. El tratamiento hospitalario y al alta incluyó más fármacos recomendados por las guías. En un contexto multivariado, el nivel de estudios medio o superior se mostró como un predictor independiente y protector respecto de la mortalidad a largo plazo (hazard ratio = 0,85; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,74-0,98). Conclusiones. Este estudio muestra una relación inversa e independiente entre el nivel de estudios previos y la mortalidad a largo plazo en pacientes que han experimentado un infarto agudo de miocardio (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The value of socioeconomic status as a prognostic marker in acute myocardial infarction is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of educational level, as a marker of socioeconomic status, on the prognosis of long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction. Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study of 5797 patients admitted to hospital with acute myocardial infarction. We studied long-term all-cause mortality (median 8.5 years) using adjusted regression models. Results: We found that 73.1% of patients had primary school education (n = 4240), 14.5% had secondary school education (including high school) (n = 843), 7.0% was illiterate (n = 407), and 5.3% had higher education (n = 307). Patients with secondary school or higher education were significantly younger, more were male, and they had fewer risk factors and comorbidity. These patients arrived sooner at hospital and had less severe heart failure. During admission they received more reperfusion therapy and their crude mortality was lower. Their drug treatment in hospital and at discharge followed guideline recommendations more closely. On multivariate analysis, secondary school or higher education was an independent predictor and protective factor for long-term mortality (hazard ratio = 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.98). Conclusions: Our study shows an inverse and independent relationship between educational level and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AU)

Importancia de la presencia de cardiomegalia en el pronóstico de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio / Prognostic importance of cardiomegaly in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Objetivos: Conocer el significado pronóstico intrahospitalario y a largo plazo de la presencia de cardiomegalia en la radiología simple inicial de los pacientes ingresados por infarto agudo de miocardio. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de 7.644 pacientes ingresados por un infarto agudo de miocardio en dos hospitales. Se obtuvo información clínica detallada y se prestó especial atención a la presencia/ausencia de cardiomegalia en la radiografía de tórax. Realizamos modelos ajustados para predecir mortalidad (por cualquier causa) hospitalaria y tras el alta con una mediana de 6 años. Resultados: 1.351 (17,7%) pacientes presentaron cardiomegalia. La mortalidad hospitalaria global fue 11,2% y la densidad de incidencia de mortalidad a largo plazo fue de 5,7 por cada 100 pacientes-año. Los pacientes con cardiomegalia presentaron mayor edad y más factores de riesgo cardiovascular excepto tabaquismo activo, mayor comorbilidad, fueron menos revascularizados y tratados al alta de forma subóptima. Durante la hospitalización, la cardiomegalia se asoció a mayores tasas de complicaciones, especialmente insuficiencia cardiaca (70,8 vs 21,4%, p < 0,001) y mortalidad (27,8 vs 7,7%, p < 0,001). La cardiomegalia resultó predictor independiente sobre la mortalidad hospitalaria (odds ratio = 1,34; p = 0,02) y tras el alta (hazard ratio = 1,16, p < 0,01). Conclusiones: En pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio la cardiomegalia resultó predictor independiente de mortalidad hospitalaria y a largo plazo tras el alta (AU)

Objectives: To assess the in-hospital and long-term prognostic importance of cardiomegaly demonstrated by a simple admission radiograph in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. Methods: Prospective study of 7644 patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction; 2 hospitals participated. We recorded detailed clinical data, especially noting the presence or absence of cardiomegaly in the chest radiograph. Adjusted predictive models for all-cause mortality in hospital or after discharge were constructed. The median follow-up was 6 years. Results: Cardiomegaly was detected in 1351 (17.7%) of the patients. Hospital mortality was 11.2% overall; the incidence of long-term mortality was 5.7 per 100 patient-years. Patients with cardiomegaly were older and had more cardiovascular risk factors other than current smoking; they also had more concomitant conditions, had undergone fewer revascularization procedures, and received suboptimal care after discharge. Cardiomegaly was associated with higher in-hospital rates of adverse events, especially heart failure (70.8% in patients with cardiomegaly vs 21.4% in others, P<.001) and death (27.8% vs 7.7%, P<.001). Cardiomegaly was also an independent predictor of hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.34; P=.02) as well as mortality after discharge (hazard ratio, 1.16; P<.01). Conclusions: Cardiomegaly was an independent predictor of both hospital mortality and long-term mortality after discharge in this series (AU)

Relation of New Permanent Right or Left Bundle Branch Block on Short- and Long-Term Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction Bundle Branch Block and Myocardial Infarction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prognosis associated with bundle branch block (BBB) depending on location, time of appearance, and duration in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). From January 1998 to January 2008, we recruited 5,570 patients with acute MI. Thirty-day and 7-year all-cause mortality, according to BBB location, time of appearance, and duration were analyzed by multivariable analyses. BBB was present in 964 patients (17.3%); right BBB (RBBB) 10.6% and left BBB (LBBB) 6.7%. Overall mortality rate at 30 days was 13.2% (n = 738) and 7 years was 6.34 deaths per 100 patient-year. Both RBBB and LBBB were more frequently previous, 42.9% and 58.8%. Compared with non-BBB, all BBB groups showed higher prevalence of co-morbidities, especially rates of diabetes (49.0% vs 34.3%, p <0.001) and more often heart failure during hospitalization (54.5% vs 26.6%, p <0.001). Compared with RBBB, patients with LBBB had a higher prevalence of co-morbidities and a higher mortality, especially the new BBB, 30 days: 52.5% versus 31.6% and 7 years (incident rate): 27.2 versus 13.3 per 100 patient-year. New transient BBB had lower heart failure on admission (42.6% vs 58.3%, p = 0.008) and 30-day mortality (20.3% vs 69.6%, p <0.001) compared with permanent in both locations. New permanent RBBB was independently associated with 30-day (hazard ratio [HR] 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45 to 2.79) and 7-year mortality (HR 3.12, 95% CI 2.38 to 4.09). New-permanent LBBB was independently associated with 30-day (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.15) and 7-year mortality (HR 2.91, 95% CI 2.08 to 4.08). In conclusion, in patients with acute MI, the appearance of a new BBB was independently associated with a higher 30-day and 7-year all-cause mortality.

Educational Level and Long-term Mortality in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The value of socioeconomic status as a prognostic marker in acute myocardial infarction is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of educational level, as a marker of socioeconomic status, on the prognosis of long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational study of 5797 patients admitted to hospital with acute myocardial infarction. We studied long-term all-cause mortality (median 8.5 years) using adjusted regression models. RESULTS: We found that 73.1% of patients had primary school education (n=4240), 14.5% had secondary school education (including high school) (n=843), 7.0% was illiterate (n=407), and 5.3% had higher education (n=307). Patients with secondary school or higher education were significantly younger, more were male, and they had fewer risk factors and comorbidity. These patients arrived sooner at hospital and had less severe heart failure. During admission they received more reperfusion therapy and their crude mortality was lower. Their drug treatment in hospital and at discharge followed guideline recommendations more closely. On multivariate analysis, secondary school or higher education was an independent predictor and protective factor for long-term mortality (hazard ratio=0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows an inverse and independent relationship between educational level and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Pronóstico a corto y largo plazo de la fibrilación auricular previa y de novo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST / Short- and long-term prognosis of previous and new-onset atrial fibrillation in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction

Introducción y objetivos El impacto de la fibrilación auricular en el pronóstico del infarto de miocardio sigue siendo controvertido. Se analizó la importancia pronóstica de la fibrilación auricular previa y de nueva aparición (de novo) en el hospital y a largo plazo en el infarto agudo de miocardio. Métodos Estudio prospectivo de 4.284 pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Se estudió la mortalidad por todas las causas hospitalaria y a largo plazo (mediana, 7,2 años) mediante modelos ajustados. Resultados El 3,2% de los pacientes tenían fibrilación auricular previa y el 9,8%, de novo. En general ambos grupos de pacientes tenían un perfil de mayor riesgo basal y mayor probabilidad de complicaciones intrahospitalarias. La mortalidad bruta hospitalaria fue mayor entre los pacientes con fibrilación auricular previa que en la de novo (el 22 frente al 12%; p < 0,001; 30 frente al 10%; p < 0,001). La densidad de incidencia de mortalidad a largo plazo fue de 11,11/100 pacientes-año en la fibrilación auricular previa y 5,35/100 pacientes-año en la de novo (ambos grupos, p < 0,001). Únicamente la fibrilación auricular de novo (odds ratio = 1,55; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,08-2,22) fue predictor independiente de mortalidad hospitalaria. La fibrilación auricular previa (hazard ratio = 1,24; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,94-1,64) y la de novo (hazard ratio = 0,98; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,80-1,21) no resultaron predictores independientes de mortalidad a largo plazo. Conclusiones La fibrilación auricular de novo durante el ingreso es un factor independiente de mortalidad hospitalaria en el infarto agudo de miocardio (AU)

Introduction and objectives The impact of atrial fibrillation on the prognosis of myocardial infarction is still the subject of debate. We analyzed the influence of previous and new-onset atrial fibrillation on in-hospital and long-term prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods Prospective study of 4284 patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. We studied all-cause in-hospital and long-term mortality (median, 7.2 years) using adjusted models. Results In total, 3.2% of patients had previous atrial fibrillation and 9.8% had new-onset atrial fibrillation. In general, both groups of patients had a high baseline risk profile and an increased likelihood of in-hospital complications. The crude in-hospital mortality rate was higher in patients with previous atrial fibrillation than in those with new-onset atrial fibrillation (22% vs 12%; P < .001; 30% vs 10%; P < .001). The long-term mortality rate was 11.11/100 patient-years in patients with previous atrial fibrillation and 5.35/100 patient years in those with new-onset atrial fibrillation (both groups, P < .001). New-onset fibrillation alone (odds ratio = 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.22) was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Previous atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio = 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.64) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio = 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.21) were not independent predictors of long-term mortality. Conclusions New-onset atrial fibrillation during hospitalization is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AU)

Short- and long-term prognosis of previous and new-onset atrial fibrillation in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The impact of atrial fibrillation on the prognosis of myocardial infarction is still the subject of debate. We analyzed the influence of previous and new-onset atrial fibrillation on in-hospital and long-term prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Prospective study of 4284 patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. We studied all-cause in-hospital and long-term mortality (median, 7.2 years) using adjusted models. RESULTS: In total, 3.2% of patients had previous atrial fibrillation and 9.8% had new-onset atrial fibrillation. In general, both groups of patients had a high baseline risk profile and an increased likelihood of in-hospital complications. The crude in-hospital mortality rate was higher in patients with previous atrial fibrillation than in those with new-onset atrial fibrillation (22% vs 12%; P<.001; 30% vs 10%; P<.001). The long-term mortality rate was 11.11/100 patient-years in patients with previous atrial fibrillation and 5.35/100 patient years in those with new-onset atrial fibrillation (both groups, P<.001). New-onset fibrillation alone (odds ratio=1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.22) was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Previous atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio=1.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.64) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio=0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.21) were not independent predictors of long-term mortality. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset atrial fibrillation during hospitalization is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction.

[Prognostic importance of cardiomegaly in patients with acute myocardial infarction]. / Importancia de la presencia de cardiomegalia en el pronóstico de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the in-hospital and long-term prognostic importance of cardiomegaly demonstrated by a simple admission radiograph in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of 7644 patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction; 2 hospitals participated. We recorded detailed clinical data, especially noting the presence or absence of cardiomegaly in the chest radiograph. Adjusted predictive models for all-cause mortality in hospital or after discharge were constructed. The median followup was 6 years. RESULTS: Cardiomegaly was detected in 1351 (17.7%) of the patients. Hospital mortality was 11.2% overall; the incidence of long-term mortality was 5.7 per 100 patient-years. Patients with cardiomegaly were older and had more cardiovascular risk factors other than current smoking; they also had more concomitant conditions, had undergone fewer revascularization procedures, and received suboptimal care after discharge. Cardiomegaly was associated with higher in-hospital rates of adverse events, especially heart failure (70.8% in patients with cardiomegaly vs 21.4% in others, P<.001) and death (27.8% vs 7.7%, P<.001). Cardiomegaly was also an independent predictor of hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.34; P=.02) as well as mortality after discharge (hazard ratio, 1.16; P<.01). CONCLUSION: Cardiomegaly was an independent predictor of both hospital mortality and long-term mortality after discharge in this series.

OBJETIVO: Conocer el significado pronóstico intrahospitalario y a largo plazo de la presencia de cardiomegalia en la radiología simple inicial de los pacientes ingresados por infarto agudo de miocardio. METODO: Estudio prospectivo de 7.644 pacientes ingresados por un infarto agudo de miocardio en dos hospitales. Se obtuvo información clínica detallada y se prestó especial atención a la presencia/ausencia de cardiomegalia en la radiografía de tórax. Realizamos modelos ajustados para predecir mortalidad (por cualquier causa) hospitalaria y tras el alta con una mediana de 6 años. RESULTADOS: 1.351 (17,7%) pacientes presentaron cardiomegalia. La mortalidad hospitalaria global fue 11,2% y la densidad de incidencia de mortalidad a largo plazo fue de 5,7 por cada 100 pacientes-año. Los pacientes con cardiomegalia presentaron mayor edad y más factores de riesgo cardiovascular excepto tabaquismo activo, mayor comorbilidad, fueron menos revascularizados y tratados al alta de forma subóptima. Durante la hospitalización, la cardiomegalia se asoció a mayores tasas de complicaciones, especialmente insuficiencia cardiaca (70,8 vs 21,4%, p < 0,001) y mortalidad (27,8 vs 7,7%, p < 0,001). La cardiomegalia resultó predictor independiente sobre la mortalidad hospitalaria (odds ratio = 1,34; p = 0,02) y tras el alta (hazard ratio = 1,16, p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio la cardiomegalia resultó predictor independiente de mortalidad hospitalaria y a largo plazo tras el alta.

Impact of previous vascular burden on in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with a current acute coronary syndrome and previous ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease are reported to have a poorer outcome than those without these previous conditions. It is uncertain whether this association with outcome is observed at long-term follow-up. METHODS: Prospective observational study, including 4247 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Detailed clinical data and information on previous ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and cerebrovascular disease ("vascular burden") were recorded. Multivariate models were performed for in-hospital and long-term (median, 7.2 years) all-cause mortality. RESULTS: One vascular territory was affected in 1131 (26.6%) patients and ≥ 2 territories in 221 (5.2%). The total in-hospital mortality rate was 12.3% and the long-term incidence density was 3.5 deaths per 100 patient-years. A background of previous ischemic heart disease (odds ratio = 0.83; P = .35), peripheral arterial disease (odds ratio = 1.30; P = .34), or cerebrovascular disease (stroke) (odds ratio = 1.15; P = .59) was not independently predictive of in-hospital death. In an adjusted model, previous cerebrovascular disease and previous peripheral arterial disease were both predictors of mortality at long-term follow-up (hazard ratio = 1.57; P < .001; and hazard ratio = 1.34; P = .001; respectively). Patients with ≥ 2 diseased vascular territories showed higher long-term mortality (hazard ratio = 2.35; P < .001), but not higher in-hospital mortality (odds ratio = 1.07; P = .844). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a diagnosis of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, the previous vascular burden determines greater long-term mortality. Considered individually, previous cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease were predictors of mortality at long-term after hospital discharge.